|
The ''trial and execution of Socrates'' took place in 399 BCE Socrates was tried on two charges: corrupting the youth and impiety (in Greek, ''asebeia''). More specifically, Socrates' accusers cited two "impious" acts: "failing to acknowledge the gods that the city acknowledges" and "introducing new deities". Socrates' death was the result of his asking philosophical questions. A majority of the dikasts (Athenian citizens chosen by lot to serve as jurors) voted to convict him. Consistent with common practice, the dikasts determined Socrates’ punishment with another vote. Socrates was ultimately sentenced to death by drinking a hemlock-based liquid. Primary sources for accounts of the trial are given by two of Socrates' students, Plato and Xenophon; well known later interpretations include those of the journalist I. F. Stone and the classics scholar Robin Waterfield.〔Stone, I.F. (1988). The Trial of Socrates. New York: Little, Brown. Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths by Robin Waterfield, Norton, 2009〕 ==Background== Socrates was a well-known figure in Athens for many years prior to his trial. Aristophanes’ comedy ''The Clouds'', produced in 423 BC, portrays Socrates as a sophist. In the play, Socrates teaches young Pheidippides how to formulate arguments to justify beating his own father. Though Socrates denied any affiliation with the sophists, ''Clouds'' suggests that Athenians associated him with the sophistic movement. The sophists were a group of mixed reputation in Athens. G.B. Kerferd provides an example of one widespread modern view of the sophists: “…they were a set of charlatans that appeared in Greece in the fifth century, and earned ample livelihood by imposing on public credulity: professing to teach virtue, they really taught the art of fallacious discourse, and meanwhile propagated immoral practical doctrines.”〔Kerferd, G.B.''The Sophistic Movement''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.6.〕 ''Clouds'' is not the only Aristophanes comedy which portrays conflict between an older man and his younger counterpart. Aristophanes’ comedy ''Wasps'' (422 BC) also contains disagreement between older men and younger men. This, as Robin Waterfield argues, represents the social conflict between two generations of men in Athens, especially in the decade from 425 to 415 BC. He also suggests that the divide between those in favor of the Athenian invasion of Sicily and those opposed was largely a generational divide.〔Waterfield, Robin. ''Why Socrates Died: Dispelling the Myths''. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2009.〕 Socrates, along with the sophists, was blamed in part by a significant segment of the citizenry for instilling the younger generation with what the older generation perceived as a morally nihilistic, disrespectful attitude. No works by Socrates himself survived, but his younger friend Plato composed numerous 'Socratic dialogues', with Socrates as the main character. Socrates's ''elenctic examination'' was resented by influential figures of his day, whose reputations for wisdom and virtue were debunked by his questions.〔Plato. ''Apology'', 21d–e, 23a, 23e.〕 One will sometimes find the claim that Socrates described himself as the "gadfly" of Athens which, like a sluggish horse, needed to be aroused by his "stinging".〔Plato. ''Apology'', 30e–31a.〕 It should be pointed out, however, that in the Greek text of his defense given by Plato, Socrates never actually uses that term (viz., "gadfly" (''oîstros'' )) to describe himself. Rather, his reference is merely allusive, as he (literally) says only that he has attached himself to the City (''proskeimenon tē polei'') in order to sting it.〔See the Greek text in H. N. Fowler, trans., ''Plato'', vol. 1, ''“Euthyphro,” “Apology,” “Crito,” “Phaedo,” and “Phaedrus,”'' Loeb Classical Library (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1919), pg. 112〕 Nevertheless, he does make the bold claim that he is a god's gift to the Athenians.〔Plato. ''Apology'', 31a-b〕 Socrates' elenctic method was often imitated by the young men of Athens.〔Plato. ''Apology'', 23c.〕 Another possible source of resentment were the political views that he and his associates were thought to have embraced. Critias, who appears in two of Plato's Socratic dialogues, was a leader of the Thirty Tyrants (the ruthless oligarchic regime that ruled Athens for eight months in 404–403 BC), but there is also a record of their falling out.〔Xenophon. ''Memorabilia'', 1.2.29–38.〕 As with many of the issues surrounding Socrates’ conviction, the nature of his affiliation with the Thirty Tyrants is far from straightforward. During the reign of the Thirty, many prominent Athenians who were opposed to the new government left Athens. Robin Waterfield asserts that “Socrates would have been welcome in oligarchic Thebes, where he had close associates among the Pythagoreans who flourished there, and which had already taken in other exiles.”〔 Given the availability of a hospitable host outside of Athens, Socrates, at least in a limited way, chose to remain in Athens. Thus, Waterfield suggests, Socrates’ contemporaries probably thought his remaining in Athens, even without participating in the Thirty’s bloodthirsty schemes, demonstrated his sympathy for the Thirty’s cause, not neutrality towards it. This is proved, Waterfield argues, by the fact that after the Thirty were no longer in power, anyone who had remained in Athens during their rule was encouraged to move to Eleusis, the new home of the expatriate Thirty.〔 Socrates did oppose the will of the Thirty on a few specific occasions. Plato’s ''Apology'' has the character of Socrates describe one such instance. He says that the Thirty ordered him, along with four other men, to fetch a man named Leon from Salamis so that the Thirty could execute him. Socrates simply did not answer this order, while the other four men did go to Salamis to get Leon.〔Plato. ''Apology'', 32c.〕 Alcibiades, a controversial figure in Athens, was Socrates’ messmate during the siege of Potidaea (433–429 BC). Socrates remained Alcibiades’ close friend, admirer, and mentor for about five or six years.〔 Known for his flamboyant and audacious behavior, Alcibiades had a volatile relationship with the city of Athens. During his career, Alcibiades famously defected to Sparta after being accused in the defamation of the Mysteries, regained his political prominence in Athens, and was eventually driven out of Athens yet again. Some contempt for Socrates may have stemmed from his relationship with Alcibiades. Moreover, according to the portraits left by some of Socrates' followers, Socrates himself seems to have openly espoused certain anti-democratic views, most prominent perhaps being the view that it is not majority opinion that yields correct policy but rather genuine knowledge and professional competence, which is possessed by only a few.〔Xenophon, ''Memorabilia'' (1.2.9 ); Plato, ''Crito'' (47c–d ), ''Laches'' (184e ).〕 Plato also portrays him as being severely critical of some of the most prominent and well-respected leaders of the Athenian democracy;〔''Gorgias'' 503c–d, 515d–517c.〕 and even has him claim that the officials selected by the Athenian system of governance cannot credibly be regarded as benefactors, since it is not any group of ''many'' that benefits, but only "some one person or very few".〔''Apology of Socrates'' (25a-b ).〕 Finally, Socrates was known as often praising the laws of the undemocratic regimes of Sparta and Crete.〔Plato, ''Crito'' (52e ).〕 Apart from his views on politics, Socrates held unusual views on religion. He made several references to his personal spirit, or ''daimonion'', although he explicitly claimed that it never urged him on, but only warned him against various prospective actions. Many of his contemporaries were suspicious of Socrates's ''daimonion'' as a rejection of the state religion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Trial of Socrates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|